Refining Operations Petroleum refining processes and operations can be separated into five basic areas: Fractionation (distillation) is the separation of crude oil in atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers into groups of hydrocarbon compounds of differing boiling-point ranges called “fractions” or “cuts.” …
The MAP sensor measures the pressure in the intake manifold for use in the vehicle’s engine control (ECU). In some cases, the MAP sensor also includes a temperature sensor for measuring the air temperature. The information is included in the …
If it never rained, we could build perfectly smooth roads and tires without tread design. Tires in contact with the road would produce a lot less noise and fewer vibrations. However, the need for grip on the wet ground requires …
Satisfactory combustion of diesel fuel requires extremely fine atomisation of the fuel and precise regulation of the start and finish timing of the injection period. The normal pressure cycle of diesel combustion can be adversely affected by a range of …
The differential is a very important part of a vehicle, as a component transfer, the engine power is transmitted to the wheels. Engine power is transferred by a rear propeller shaft to the wheel first changed direction by differential rotation …
Active front axle steering systems enable a steering angle to be produced at the front wheels which deviate from the steering wheel angle turned by the driver. This means they can provide the driver with support. Function Hydraulic and electric …
1. Engine oils are all the same. This is wrong. Different types of engine oils are made for different car technologies and different types of cars. Oils have different physical characteristics too and can have different viscosities and temperature thresholds. …
Why Is It That Important? The valve CLEARANCE WILL CHANGE after a good period when the camshafts, valve seats, and valves wear in. This is very common on any engine with a rocker arm setup like the Toyota 20R and …
Function When the brakes on a vehicle are applied, the vehicle’s weight shifts from the rear axle to the front axle. This is known as dynamic axle load transfer. The load on the rear wheels is relieved and their road …