FUNCTIONS

It is an engine in which the combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine. When the fuel burns inside the engine cylinder, it generates a high temperature and pressure. This high-pressure force is exerted on the piston (A device that frees to moves inside the cylinder and transmits the pressure force to crank by use of connecting rod), which used to rotate the wheels of the vehicle. In these engines, we can use only gases and high volatile fuel like petrol, diesel. These engines are generally used in automobile industries, generation of electric power, etc. Advantages of I.C. engine It has overall high efficiency over the E.C. engine. These engines are compact and required less space. The initial cost of the I.C. engine is lower than the E.C. engine. This engine easily starts in cold because it uses high volatile fuel. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 1. Cylinder block A cylinder is the main body of the IC engine. The cylinder is a part in which the intake of fuel, compression of fuel and burning of fuel take place. The main function of the cylinder is to guide the piston. It is in direct contact with the combustion products, so it has to be cooled. When cooling a cylinder, on the outer side of the cylinder there is a water jacket (when liquid cooling used in most cars) or fin (for air cooling used in most bikes). The cylinder head and crankcase at the bottom end of the cylinder are fixed at the top end of the cylinder. The upper side of the cylinder is consisting of a combustion chamber where fuel burns. To handle all this pressure and temperature generated by the combustion of fuel, cylinder material should have high compressive strength. So it is made by high grade cast iron. It is made by casting and usually cast in one piece. 2. Cylinder head The top end of the engine cylinder is closed by means of the removable cylinder head. There are two holes or ports at the cylinder head, one for the intake of fuel and another for exhaust. Both the intake and exhaust ports are closed by the two valves known as inlet and exhaust valve. The inlet valve, exhaust valve, spark plug, injector, etc. are bolted on the cylinder head. The main function of the cylinder head is to seal the cylinder block and not to permit entry and exit of gases on the cover head valve engine. Cylinder head is usually made by cast iron or aluminum. It is made by casting or forging and usually in one piece. 3. Piston A piston is fitted to each cylinder as a face to receive gas pressure and transmit the thrust to the connecting rod. It is a prime mover in the engine. The main function of the piston is to give a tight seal to the cylinder through the bore and slide freely inside the cylinder. The piston should be light and sufficiently strong to handle gas pressure generated by the combustion of fuel. So the piston is made by aluminum alloy and sometimes it is made by cast iron because light alloy piston expands more than cast iron so they need more clearances to the bore. 4. Piston rings A piston in the cylinder must be a fairly loose fit So, that it can move freely within the cylinder. If the piston is too small to suit, it will expand as it gets hot and may stay Tightly in the cylinder, and if it loses too much, The vapor pressure will leak. Pistons are fitted with piston rings to provide good sealing Fit and less friction resistance between the piston and the nozzle. These rings are fitted with grooves cut into the piston. They are split at one end to allow them to expand or slip over the piston's edge. There are two piston rings in a small two- Stroke engine to provide effective sealing, But a four-stroke engine has an additional ring known as the oil ring. Piston rings are made of fine-grain cast iron and High elastic material not affected by working heat. 5. Connecting rod The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft and transmits the motion and thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. There are two ends of the connecting rod; one is known as a big end and the other as a small end. The big end is connected to the crankshaft and the small end is connected to the piston by use of piston pin. The connecting rods are made of nickel, chrome, and chrome vanadium steels. For small engines, the material may be aluminum. 6. Crankshaft The crankshaft of an internal combustion engine receives the efforts or thrust supplied by the piston to the connecting rod and converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. The crankshaft mounts in bearing so it can rotate freely. The shape and size of crankshaft depend on the number and arrangement of cylinders. It is usually made by steel forging, but some makers use special types of cast-iron such as spheroidal graphitic or nickel alloy castings which are cheaper to produce and have a good service life. 7. Engine bearing Everywhere there is rotary action in the engine, bearings are needed. Bearings are used to support the moving parts. The crankshaft is supported by bearing. The connecting rod big end is attached to the crankpin on the crank of the crankshaft by a bearing. A piston pin at the small end is used to attach the rod to the piston is also rides in bearings. The main function of bearings is to reduce friction between these moving parts. In an IC engine sliding and rolling types of bearing used. The sliding-type bearing which is sometimes called bush is used to attach the connecting rod to the piston and crankshaft. They are split in order to permit their assembly into the engine. The rolling and ball bearing is used to support crankshaft so it can rotate freely. The typical bearing half is made of steel or bronze back to which a lining of relatively soft bearing material is applied. 8. Crankcase The main body of the engine at which the cylinder is attached and which contains the crankshaft and crankshaft bearing is called the crankcase. It serves as the lubricating system too and sometimes it is called oil sump. All the oil for lubrication is placed in it. 9. Valves To control the inlet and exhaust of the internal combustion engine, valves are used. The number of valves in an engine depends on the number of cylinders. Two valves are used for each cylinder one for inlet of air-fuel mixture inside the cylinder and other for exhaust of combustion gases. The valves are fitted in the port at the cylinder head by use of strong spring. This spring keep them closed. Both valves usually open inwards. 10. Spark plug It is used in a spark-ignition engine. The main function of a spark plug is to conduct a high potential from the ignition system into the combustion chamber to ignite the compressed air-fuel mixture. It is fitted on the cylinder head. The spark plug consists of a metal shell having two electrodes which are insulated from each other with an air gap. When high potential current supply to spark plug it jumping from the supply electrode and produces the necessary spark. 11. Injector An injector is usually used in the compression ignition engine. It sprays the fuel into the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke. It is fitted on the cylinder head. 12. Manifold The main function of the manifold is to supply the air-fuel mixture and collects the exhaust gases equally from all cylinder. In an internal combustion engine two manifold are used, one for intake and other for exhaust. They are usually made of aluminum alloy. 13. Camshaft Camshaft is used in the IC engine to control the opening and closing of valves at proper timing. For proper engine output inlet valve should open at the end of the exhaust stroke and closed at the end of the intake stroke. A cam, which is oval in shape, is used to control its timing and exerts pressure on the valve to open and release to close. It is operated by the crankshaft's timing belt. It is mounted at the cylinder's top or bottom. 14. Gudgeon pin or piston pin These are hardened steel parallel spindles fitted through the piston bosses and the small end bushes or eyes to allow the connecting rods to swivel. It connects the piston to the connecting rod. It is made hollow for lightness. 15. Pushrod The pushrod is used when the camshaft is situated at the bottom end of the cylinder. It carries the camshaft motion to the valves which are situated at the cylinder head. 16. Flywheel A flywheel is secured on the crankshaft. The main function of the flywheel is to rotate the shaft during a preparatory stroke. It also makes crankshaft rotation more uniform. TYPES OF I.C ENGINE I.C. engine is widely used in automobile industries so it is also known as an automobile engine. An automobile engine may be classified in many manners. According to a number of strokes: Next page 1. Two-stroke engine In a two-stroke engine, a piston moves one time up and down inside the cylinder and completes one crankshaft revolution during a single time of fuel injection. This type of engine has high torque compared to the four-stroke engine. These are generally used in scooters, pumping sets, etc. 2. Four-stroke engine In a four-stroke engine, the piston moves two times up and down inside the cylinder and completes two crankshaft revolutions during a single time of fuel burn. This type of engine has a high average compared to the two-stroke engine. These are generally used in bikes, cars, trucks, etc. According to the design of the engine: 1. Reciprocating engine (piston engine) In the reciprocating engine, the pressure force generates by combustion of fuel exerted on a piston (A device which frees to move in reciprocation inside the cylinder). The piston starts reciprocating motion (too and fro motion). This reciprocating motion converts into rotary motion by the use of crankshaft. So the crankshaft starts to rotate and make rotate the wheels of the vehicle. These are generally used in all automobiles. 2. Rotary engine (Wankel engine) In the rotary engine, there is a rotor which frees to rotate. The pressure force generated by burning of fuel is exerted on this rotor so the rotor rotates and starts to rotate the wheels of a vehicle. This engine is developed by Wankel in 1957. This engine is not used in an automobile in the present day. According to fuel used: 1. Diesel engine These engines use diesel as the fuel. These are used in trucks, buses, cars, etc. 2. Petrol engine These engines use petrol as fuel. These are used in bikes, sports cars, luxury cars, etc. 3. Gas engine These engines use CNG and LPG as the fuel. These are used in light motor vehicles. According to the method of ignition: 1. Compression ignition engine In these types of engines, there is no extra equipment to ignite the fuel. In these engines burning of fuel starts due to temperature rise during compression of air. So it is known as a compression-ignition engine. 2. Spark ignition engine In these types of engines, ignition of fuel starts with a spark, generated inside the cylinder by some extra equipment (Spark Plug). So it is known as a spark-ignition engine. According to a number of cylinders: 1. Single-cylinder engine This type of engine has only one cylinder and one piston connected to the crankshaft. 2. Multi-cylinder engine This type of engine has more than one cylinder and piston connected to the crankshaft. According to an arrangement of cylinder: 1. In-line engine In this type of engine, cylinders are positioned in a straight line one behind the other along the length of the crankshaft. 2. V-type engine An engine with two cylinder banks inclined at an angle to each other and with one crankshaft known as a V-type engine. 3. Opposed cylinder engine An engine with two cylinders banks opposite to each other on a single crankshaft (V-type engine with 180o angle between banks). 4. W-type engine An engine same as a V-type engine except with three banks of cylinders on the same crankshaft known as the W-type engine. 5. Opposite piston engine In this type of engine, there are two pistons in each cylinder with the combustion chamber in the center between the pistons. In this engine, a single combustion process causes two power strokes, at the same time. 6. Radial engine It is an engine with pistons positioned in a circular plane around the central crankshaft. The connecting rods of pistons are connected to a master rod which, in turn, connected to the crankshaft. According to the air intake process: 1. Naturally aspirated In these types of engine intake of air into cylinder occur by the atmospheric pressure. 2. Supercharged engine In this type of engine air intake, the pressure is increased by the compressor driven by the engine crankshaft. 3. Turbocharged engine In this type of engine, intake air pressure is increased by the use of a turbine compressor driven by the exhaust gases of burning fuel. ENGINE TERMINOLOGY 1. Top dead center (T.D.C.) In a reciprocating engine, the piston moves to and fro motion in the cylinder. When the piston moves upper direction in the cylinder, a point at which the piston comes to rest or change its direction known as a top dead center. It is situated at the top end of the cylinder. 2. Bottom dead center (B.D.C.) When the piston moves in the downward direction, a point at which the piston comes to rest or change its direction known as a bottom dead center. It is situated on the bottom side of the cylinder. 3. Stroke (L) The maximum distance travel by the piston in a single direction is known as the stroke. It is the distance between top dead center and bottom dead center. 4. Bore (b) The inner diameter of the cylinder known as the bore of the cylinder. 5. Maximum or total volume of cylinder It is the volume of a cylinder when the piston is at bottom dead center. Generally, it is measured in centimeter cube (c.c.). 6. Minimum or clearance volume of cylinder (clearance) It is the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at top dead center. 7. Swept or displace volume (Vswept) It is the volume which swept by the piston. The difference between total volume and clearance volume is known as swept volume. Swept volume Total volume – Clearance volume 8. Compression ratio The ratio of maximum volume to the minimum volume of a cylinder is known as the compression ratio. It is 8 to 12 for the spark-ignition engine and 12 to 24 for the compression ignition engine. Compression ratio Total volume / Clearance volume 9. Ignition delay It is the time interval between the ignition start (spark plug start in S.I. engine and inject fuel in C.I. engine) and the actual combustion starts. 10. Stroke bore ratio The stroke bore ratio is the ratio of the bore (diameter of a cylinder) to the length of stroke. It is generally equal to one for small engines and less than one for large engines. Stroke bore ratio inner diameter of cylinder/length of stroke 11. Mean effective pressure The mean effective pressure is defined as the average pressure on the piston. It is supplied by the engine's work ratio to the engine's total volume. Mean effective pressure Work done by engine / Total volume of cylinder

Tag: FUNCTIONS

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