One of the problems with conventional car engine designs is that the
Pistons move in a straight line up and down in their cylinders,
To produce what is known as reciprocating motion.
Inside a twin-rotor Wankel
The advantage of twin rotors is that,
When set to run 180° out of phase with each other,
One rotor cancels out any vibrations produced by the other rotor,
Making for an exceptionally smooth-running engine.
Yet the road wheels require a different kind of motion – rotary motion.
To convert reciprocating motion into rotary motion,
The pistons are linked to the crankshaft so that,
As the pistons go up and down, they cause the crankshaft to rotate.
The rotary motion of the crankshaft can then be transmitted to the road;
Wheels to drive them around.
Also, read – Difference Between Crankshaft And Camshaft
A car engine would be a lot simpler if the pistons could rotate,
Instead of moving up and down because the rotary motion thus produced could;
Then be transmitted directly to the road wheels
(though gearing would still be needed).
A further advantage of such a rotary engine would be that the pistons would
Always be traveling in the same direction as a circle.
None of the engine’s power would be wasted by stopping the pistons at the end of their
Stroke and accelerating them again in the opposite direction,
As happens in a reciprocating engine.
Development
Despite the appeal of the idea,
Only one type of rotary engine has ever been used successfully in cars.
This is the Wankel engine, developed by Felix Wankel.
He began researching into rotary compressors in 1938.
After World War Two he teamed up with NSU
(a German car manufacturer later to become part of VW Audi)
To turn his compressors into a practicable internal combustion engine
By 1957, Wankel had built an experimental rotary engine,
Which was running on a testbed,
And in 1964 this engine was offered to the public in the NSU Wankel Spider.
This small, rear-engined sports car had a 498cc Wankel engine,
Yet it could develop 50bhp and had a top speed of 95mph (152km per hour).
The Spyder never really caught on with the public,
And the car that brought the
Wankel engine fame was the NSU R080, which was acclaimed Car of the Year in 1968. This has a twin-rotor engine of 995c and could reach 110mph (177.03 km/h).
Wankel capacities
The design of the Wankel engine makes it far more powerful than a
Reciprocating engine of the same capacity.
The NSU Wankel Spider, with its 498cc engine giving a top speed of nearly;
100mph (ca. 161 km/h), is one example.
More recently,
The Mazda RX-7 coupe has an engine capacity of only 1308cc (654cc per rotor),
Yet has similar performance capabilities to the
Porsche 924S with a capacity of 2479cc.
To equate the capacities of Wankel and reciprocating engines in terms of performance,
The capacity of a Wankel engine has to be multiplied by 1.8.
This means that the 1308cc RX-7 engine has the same power
Output as a 2354cc reciprocating engine.
Inside the Wankel
The heart of the Wankel engine is a three-sided piston called the rotor revolving inside the rotor housing. On each side of the housing is an endplate.
The sides of the rotor are curved into three lobes and the rotor housing is shaped
Roughly into a fat figure of eight so that, as the rotor rotates,
The gap between each side of the rotor and the housing becomes alternately larger and smaller. This constantly changing gap is the key to the combustion process.
The fuel /air mixture is timed to enter the housing at a point when the trapped volume
Between the housing wall and one of the lobes of the rotor is increasing.
As this volume increases it creates a vacuum,
Drawing in the fuel/air mixture through ports in the housing and the endplate.
As the rotor moves round, this volume starts to shrink, compressing the fuel/air mixture. This mixture then passes over the spark plug,
Set into the wall of the housing. The spark plug fires to ignite the mixture,
Causing it to expand and drive the rotor on round its cycle.
At this point the volume between the rotor and the housing increases to allow this expansion of the gases.
Finally, the volume decreases again,
Forcing the waste gases out through the exhaust ports.
The rotor thus goes through the same four-stroke cycle as a reciprocating engine – induction, compression,
Power and exhaust but each of the three lobes of the rotor is going through this process continuously,
So there are three power strokes for each revolution of the rotor.
SEE MORE:
Running through the center of the rotor is an output shaft, to which the rotor is linked
By a system of planetary gears similar to that in an automatic gearbox
(see Systems 44 and 45).
The gearing allows the rotor to follow an eccentric orbit so that the three;
Rotor tips are continually touching the housing.
As the rotor rotates, it drives this shaft around. The shaft carries this rotary motion to the transmission and so to the road wheels.
The firing cycle of the rotary Wankel engine
As the tip of the rotor passes the inlet port,
The following chamber begins to increase in size due to the eccentric orbit of the rotor. These cause the fuel/air mixture to be sucked into the chamber.
As the rotor continues to revolve, the chamber begins to decrease in size,
Compressing the fuel/air mixture ready for igniting.
As the chamber passes over the spark plugs, they fire to ignite the mixture.
All modern Wankel engines have two spark plugs too,
Ensure that the fuel/air mixture burns evenly throughout the chamber.
The expansion of the burning gases forces the rotor round its cycle,
Passing over the exhaust port where the gases are forced out of the chamber.
This cycle goes on in all three chambers simultaneously.
Differences
The design of the Wankel engine means that it has no valves the fuel/air mixture simply
Enters and leaves the chamber through ports in the rotor housing and the endplate. Therefore it also has no rockers, camshaft or pushrods.
This means that the Wankel has about half the number of parts of a reciprocating engine. It is also lighter and more compact.
However,
It still needs many of the same ancillaries as other engines – starter,
Generator, cooling system, carburetor or fuel injection, oil pump and so on.
Once the engine is installed with all these,
It loses much of the advantage of its compactness and lighter weight.
Nevertheless, the Wankel engine in the Ro80 was widely praised for its smooth running and lack of vibration. This was partly due to the engine’s having two rotors set in-line
With each other but in separate housings.
Each rotated about the same output shaft, but their timing was set 180° out;
So that any unbalancing force produced by one rotor would be canceled out by the
Same forces of the other rotor,
And so that they would jointly produce a more even turning movement.
Wankel limitations
Even though the problem of seals has now been largely sorted out,
It has still not been possible to exploit the full potential of the Wankel engine for;
Vehicle use because of the limitations of engine component life.
A further problem is that a conventional reciprocating car engine
Operates well over a fairly wide range of speeds and loads,
Whereas the Wankel engine only operates best over a much narrower range.
Early problems
Once the basic design of the Wankel had been established,
Problems soon became apparent. One was seal wear.
The rotors are sealed on all sides to ensure that gases do not
Seep past the tips from the high-compression parts of the housing to the
Low-compression parts.
On a reciprocating engine, this sealing is done partly by the valves and;
Partly by the piston rings, but the seals on the Wankel engine posed particular problems.
The seals were least effective at low engine speeds,
Where they need to be fitted with springs to keep them pressed
Against the side of the housing.
But at high engine speeds a combination of centrifugal forces and high gas pressures
Force the seals much harder against the housing.
Early Wankel had seals made of carbon,
But later designs had special cast-iron seals, which proved more durable.
To provide extra protection the inside of the housing and the endplates
Were given a hard-wearing coating.
The second major problem is wear of the eight-shaped running surface caused by ‘Chattering’ of the seals.
Chamber shapes
The other problem with the Wankel engine is the shape of the
Combustion chamber. In a typical reciprocating engine,
The chamber is roughly hemispherical,
Which helps to ensure that the fuel/air mixture burns evenly and progressively.
In a Wankel engine,
The combustion chamber is inevitably long and flat,
A shape that makes optimum combustion much more difficult.
Mazda – whose RX-7 is now the only Wankel-engine car on sale in the UK
Today took this principle a stage further by fitting two plugs,
With one plug firing a fraction of a second later than the other one.
Mazda 13B Rotary Engine
Engine and exhaust layout of the Mazda 13B rotary engine.
This engine has electronic fuel injection with two fuel injectors per rotor.
The primary injectors work all the time,
While the secondaries only come into operation
Under increased engine speed or load.
Exhaust emissions are cut by using a thermal reactor to heat up the
Outgoing gases the heat being supplied by a heat exchanger further down the
Exhaust pipe.
Lack of success
Despite the Wankel’s power and smooth performance it has;
So far failed to catch on among the vast majority of car manufacturers.
The main reason is its high fuel consumption caused;
By the tendency of the fuel/air mixture to burn unevenly.
Uneven combustion in the Wankel engine also creates another problem;
High emission levels of part-burnt hydrocarbons.
In the years since the R080 brought the theoretical advantages of the
Wankel engine to prominence,
There have been various oil crises and continuing pressure from governments and the
Public for lower exhaust emission levels and better fuel consumption.
Neither of these demands favor the Wankel engine and, furthermore,
It has meant that most car manufacturers have had to devote a lot of time and
Money to improving the efficiency of their existing engines.
