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♼--- Airless tire ---♼ Airless tires, non-pneumatic tires (NPT), Or flat-free tires are tires that are not supported by air pressure. They are used on some Small vehicles such as riding lawn mowers and motorized golf carts. They are also used on heavy equipment such as backhoes, which are Required to operate on sites such as building demolition, Where the risk of tire punctures is high. Tires composed of closed-cell polyurethane foam Are also made for bicycles and wheelchairs. They are also commonly found on wheelbarrows Which may be used for yard work or construction. ♼--- Advantages ---♼ The main advantage of airless tires is that they do not go flat. Other advantages are that airless tires need to be replaced less, resulting in savings. Heavy equipment outfitted with airless tires will be able to carry more weight and engage in more rugged activities. ♼--- Disadvantages ---♼ Airless tires generally have higher rolling resistance and provide somewhat less suspension than similarly shaped and sized pneumatic tires. Other problems for airless heavy equipment tires include dissipating the heat buildup That occurs when they are driven. Airless tires are often filled with compressed polymers (plastic), Rather than air or can be a solid moulded product. Airless tires are attractive to cyclists, as bicycle tires are much more vulnerable to punctures than motor vehicle tires. The drawbacks to airless tires depend on the use. Heavy equipment operators who use machinery with solid tires will complain of fatigue whereas lawn mowers that use solid or airless tires have no drawbacks. Bicycle riders who use airless tires may complain that the tire is harder than a comparable pneumatic tire. Only anecdotal evidence exists that airless tires may cause broken spokes on a bicycle wheel. Any airless tire will be heavier than the rubber tire it is meant to replace; however, many rubber pneumatic tires are also heavy. Rubber tires vary in rolling resistance and an airless tire or solid insert may only marginally increase rolling resistance if at all. Installation of airless tires depends on the use. Heavy equipment will need special equipment to mount but an airless bicycle tire can be mounted with little or no effort. Solid airless lawnmower tires come pre-installed on the wheel allowing quick installation. ♼--- Examples ---♼ Many bicycle-sharing systems use these tires to reduce maintenance. In 2005, Michelin started developing an integrated tire and wheel combination, The ''Tweel'' (Derived from "tire" and "wheel," which, as the name ''Tweel'' suggests, Are combined into one new, fused part), which operates entirely without air. Michelin claims its "Tweel" has load carrying, Shock-absorbing, and handling characteristics that compare favourably to conventional pneumatic tires. However, the tire has a lot of vibration when driving over 80 km/h (50 mph). A market rollout is therefore not planned in the near future. The automotive engineering group of the mechanical engineering department at Clemson University is developing a low energy loss airless tire with Michelin through the NIST ATP project. Crocodile Tyres developed and sells a robust version that bolts to standard mining equipment. Resilient Technologies and the University of Wisconsin–Madison's Polymer Engineering Center are creating a "non-pneumatic tire", which is basically a round polymeric honeycomb wrapped with a thick, black tread. The initial version of the tire is for the Humvee and is expected to be available in 2012. Resilient Technologies airless tires have been tested and are used by the U.S. Army. and is also the first group to make a commercially available mass-produced airless tire after their acquisition by Polaris, albeit, only as coupled with their vehicle. The tire trademark is "Terrainarmor" Bridgestone is developing the Bridgestone Air-Free Concept Tire, which is similar to the Tweel and can hold 150 kg (330 lb) per tire. The Energy return wheel (ERW) has the outer edge of the tire connected to the inner rim by a system of springs. The springs can have their tension changed to vary the handling characteristics. Big Tyre Pty Ltd in Australia is developing a "non-pneumatic, Non-solid wheel", which is designed to handle high working loads, Such as those found in underground mines. The wheel utilizes multiple arrays of concentric Leaf springs to distribute force evenly across the wheel. A prototype of the wheel was built in "> 2011 and has been tested on an Eimco 936 underground loaders. In 1938, J. V. Martin in the United States invented a safety tire with hoops of hickory encased in rubber and fitted with crisscross spokes of ribbed rubber. It could drive over 100 mm (4 inches) blocks when tested in a springless test car. Hankook Tire is developing the iFlex airless tire.

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How the Tweel Airless Tire Works | Innovation Discoveries

STEERING SYSTEM: REQUIREMENTS, TYPES, POWER STEER