Electronic Diesel Control (EDC) is a diesel engine fuel injection control system for the precise metering and delivery of fuel into the combustion chamber of modern diesel engines used in trucks and cars.
The mechanical fly-weight governors of inline and distributor diesel fuel injection pump used to control fuel delivery under a variety of engine loads and conditions could no longer deal with the ever-increasing demands for efficiency, emission control, power, and fuel consumption.
These demands are now primarily fulfilled by the Electronic Control, the system which provides greater ability for precise measuring, data processing, operating environment flexibility, and analysis to ensure efficient diesel engine operation.
The EDC replaces the mechanical control governor with an electromagnetic control device.
Components in Electronically controlled Diesel Supply;
The EDC is divided into these main groups of components.
- Electronic sensors for registering operating conditions and changes. A wide array of physical inputs is converted into electrical signal outputs.
- Actuators or solenoids convert the control unit’s electrical output signal into mechanical control movement.
- ECM (Electronic Control Module ) or Engine ECU (Electronic Control Unit) with microprocessors that process information from various sensors following programmed software and output required electrical signals into actuators and solenoids.
1. Electronic sensors
- Injection pump speed sensor – monitors pump rotational speed
- Fuel rack position sensor – monitors pump fuel rack position
- Charge air pressure sensor – measures pressure side of the turbocharger
- Fuel pressure sensor
- Air cleaner vacuum pressure sensor
- Engine position sensor
- Temperature sensors – measure various operating temperatures
- Intake temperature
- Charge air temperature
- Coolant temperature
- Fuel temperature
- Exhaust temperature (Pyrometer)
- Ambient temperature
- Vehicle speed sensor – monitors vehicle speed
- Brake pedal sensor – operates with cruise control, exhaust brake, idle control
- Clutch pedal sensor – operates with cruise control, exhaust brake, idle control
- Accelerator pedal sensor
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Electronic Control Unit
The ECU collects and processes signals from various onboard sensors.
AnECU electronic module contains microprocessors, memory units, analog to digital converters, and output interface units.
Depending upon the parameters, several different maps can be stored in the onboard memory.
This allows the ECU to be tailored to the specific engine and vehicle requirements, depending on the application.
The operating software of the ECU can be adapted for a wide variety of engines and vehicles without the necessity of hardware modification.
The ECU is usually located in the cab or certain cases, in a suitable position in the engine bay where additional environmental conditions might require cooling of the ECU as well as a requirement for better dust, heat, and vibrations insulation
Actuators and Solenoids
Electromagnetic actuators are usually located on the fuel pump to transfer electrical signals into mechanical action in this case fuel rack actuator and or fuel stop solenoid which means that depending on requests from the control unit full fuel or no fuel quantity.
- Injectors
- Boost-pressure actuator
- Intake-duct switch-off
- Throttle-valve actuator
- Exhaust-gas recirculation actuator
- Auxiliary heating
- A/C compressor
- Radiator fan
- Electronic shutoff valve
- Rail-pressure control valve
- Diagnosis lamp
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Working Principle
The injection of fuel or the quantity of injected fuel has a decisive influence on engine starting, idling, power, and emissions.
The engine ECU is programmed (“mapped”) with relevant data to where the fuel rack position has an equivalent signal for the amount of fuel being injected.
The driver requests the torque or engine speed requirements via accelerator pedal potentiometer thereby sending a signal to the engine ECU which then, depending on its mapping and data collected from various sensors, calculates in real-time the quantity of injected fuel required, thus altering the fuel rack to the required position.
The driver can also input additional commands such as idle speed increase to compensate
For e.g. for PTO operation which can be either variably set or has a preset speed that can be recalled.
The road speed function can be used to evaluate vehicle speed and possibly activate a speed limiter (Heavy Vehicles) or maintain or restore a set speed (cruise control).
Further functions can include exhaust brake operation which, when activated, will result in the fuel pump rack position being set to zero delivery or idle.
The engine ECU can also interface with various other vehicle systems
e.g. traction control and carries out self-monitoring duties and self-diagnostic functions to keep the system working at an optimal level.
To ensure the safe operation in case of failure, the limp home mode functions are also integrated into the system,
For E.g. should the pump speed sensor fail the ECU can use an alternator speed signal function for the engine RPMs counter as a backup signal.
Fuel Injector
Fuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal combustion engine.
It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in automotive engines, having replaced carburetors during the 1980s and 1990s.
Read More:
- INJECTION SYSTEM: COMPONENTS, TYPES AND WORKING PRINCIPLES
- Carburetor Vs Fuel Injection: Which One Is The Better Option?
- Direct Injection Carbon Build Up: Symptoms And Preventive Measures
- What is Multiple point fuel injection(MPFI)?
A variety of injection systems have existed since the earliest usage of the internal combustion engine.
The primary difference between carburetors and fuel injection is that fuel injection atomizes the fuel by forcibly pumping it through a small nozzle under high pressure, while a carburetor relies on suction created by intake air accelerated through a Venturi tube to draw the fuel into the airstream.
Modern fuel injection systems are designed specifically for the type of fuel being used.
Some systems are designed for multiple grades of fuel (using sensors to adapt the tuning for the fuel currently used).
Most fuel injection systems are for gasoline or diesel applications.
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